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<title>Huntington–Hill method</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Huntington–Hill method</span></span>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">A joint <a href="Portal%3APolitics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a> and <a href="Portal%3AEconomics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a> series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a> and <a href="Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above">

<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a></li><li><a href="Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li><li><a href="Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li><li><a href="Comparison_of_voting_rules" title="Comparison of voting rules">Comparison</a></li><li><a href="List_of_electoral_systems" title="List of electoral systems">List</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">By country</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">Single-winner methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Single vote – <a href="Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality</a> methods</b>

<ul><li><a href="First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First preference plurality (FPP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> <a href="Nonpartisan_primary" title="Nonpartisan primary">Jungle primary</a>)

<ul><li><a href="Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Partisan primary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff</a>

<ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> Alternative vote (AV)</li>

<li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> Ranked-choice (RCV)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Party_block_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Party block voting">Party block voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Plurality_block_voting" title="Plurality block voting">Plurality block voting</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<p><b><a href="Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet methods</a></b>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Tideman_alternative_method" title="Tideman alternative method">Condorcet-IRV</a></li>

<li><a href="Round-robin_voting" title="Round-robin voting">Round-robin voting</a>

<ul><li><a href="Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax</a></li>

<li><a href="Kemeny_method" title="Kemeny method">Kemeny</a></li>

<li><a href="Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<p><b><a href="Positional_voting" title="Positional voting">Positional voting</a></b>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="First-preference_plurality" class="mw-redirect" title="First-preference plurality">Plurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">IRV</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="Baldwin's_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin's method">Baldwin</a>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="Highest_median_voting_rules" title="Highest median voting rules">Mdn.</a></abbr> <a href="Bucklin_voting" title="Bucklin voting">Bucklin</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Anti-plurality_voting" title="Anti-plurality voting">Antiplurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="Coombs_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Coombs method">Coombs</a>)</li></ul>

<hr>

<p><b><a href="Rated_voting" title="Rated voting">Cardinal voting</a></b>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Highest_median_voting_rules" title="Highest median voting rules">Majority judgment</a></li>

<li><a href="STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional representation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></b>

<ul><li><a href="Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">Apportionment</a>

<ul><li><a href="Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages</a></li>

<li><a href="Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainders</a></li>

<li><a href="National_remnant" title="National remnant">National remnant</a></li>

<li><a href="Biproportional_apportionment" title="Biproportional apportionment">Biproportional</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a></li>

<li><a href="Panachage" title="Panachage">Panachage</a></li>

<li><a href="Localized_list" title="Localized list">Localized list</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<p><b><a href="Electoral_quota" title="Electoral quota">Quota-remainder methods</a></b>

</p>

<li><a href="Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li>

<li><a href="Quota_Borda_system" title="Quota Borda system">Quota Borda</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<p><b><a href="Approval-based_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval-based committee">Approval-based committees</a></b>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Thiele's method</a></li>

<li><a href="Phragmen's_voting_rules" title="Phragmen's voting rules">Phragmen's method</a></li>

<li><a href="Expanding_approvals_rule" title="Expanding approvals rule">Expanding approvals rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Method_of_equal_shares" title="Method of equal shares">Method of equal shares</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<p><b><a href="Fractional_social_choice" title="Fractional social choice">Fractional social choice</a></b>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Direct_representation" title="Direct representation">Direct representation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Interactive_representation" title="Interactive representation">Interactive representation</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fractional_approval_voting" title="Fractional approval voting">Fractional approval voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li>

<li><a href="Random_ballot" title="Random ballot">Random ballot</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<p><b><a href="Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional representation</a></b>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative</a>

<li><a href="Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>By results of combination</b>

<ul><li><a href="Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">Mixed-member majoritarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional</a></li></ul>

<hr><b>By mechanism of combination</b>

<ul><li><b>Non-<a href="Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">compensatory</a></b>

<ul><li><a href="Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel (superposition)</a></li>

<li><a href="Coexistence_(electoral_systems)" title="Coexistence (electoral systems)">Coexistence</a></li>

<li>Conditional</li>

<li><a href="Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Fusion (majority bonus)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">Compensatory</a></b>

<ul><li>Seat linkage system

<li><a href="Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage system</a>

<ul><li><a href="Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Negative vote transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Supermixed systems</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">Dual-member proportional</a></li>

<li><a href="Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban proportional</a></li>

<li><a href="Majority_jackpot_system" title="Majority jackpot system">Majority jackpot</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<p><b>By ballot type</b>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Single vote</a>

<ul><li><a href="Double_simultaneous_vote" title="Double simultaneous vote">Double simultaneous vote</a></li></ul></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Pathological_(mathematics)#Voting" title="Pathological (mathematics)">Paradoxes and pathologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Spoiler effects</b>

<ul><li><a href="Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">Spoiler effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Independence_of_clones" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of clones">Cloning paradox</a></li>

<li><a href="Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Frustrated majorities paradox</a></li>

<li><a href="Center_squeeze" title="Center squeeze">Center squeeze</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<p><b>Pathological response</b>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Perverse_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Perverse response">Perverse response</a></li>

<li><a href="Best-is-worst_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Best-is-worst paradox">Best-is-worst paradox</a></li>

<li><a href="No-show_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="No-show paradox">No-show paradox</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiple_districts_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple districts paradox">Multiple districts paradox</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<p><b><a href="Strategic_voting" title="Strategic voting">Strategic voting</a></b>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Sincere_favorite_criterion" title="Sincere favorite criterion">Lesser evil voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Strategic_voting#Exaggeration" title="Strategic voting">Exaggeration</a></li>

<li><a href="Truncation_(voting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Truncation (voting)">Truncation</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkey-raising" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey-raising">Turkey-raising</a></li>

<li><a href="Wasted_vote" title="Wasted vote">Wasted vote</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<p><b>Paradoxes of <a href="Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a></b>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li>

<li><a href="Discursive_dilemma" class="mw-redirect" title="Discursive dilemma">Discursive dilemma</a></li>

<li><a href="Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Conflicting majorities paradox</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social and collective choice</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="Proof_of_impossibility" title="Proof of impossibility">Impossibility theorems</a></b>

<ul><li><a href="Arrow's_impossibility_theorem" title="Arrow's impossibility theorem">Arrow's theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Majority impossibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Moulin's_impossibility_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulin's impossibility theorem">Moulin's impossibility theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="McKelvey%E2%80%93Schofield_chaos_theorem" title="McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem">McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="Gibbard's_theorem" title="Gibbard's theorem">Gibbard's theorem</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<p><b>Positive results</b>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Median_voter_theorem" title="Median voter theorem">Median voter theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="Condorcet's_jury_theorem" title="Condorcet's jury theorem">Condorcet's jury theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="May's_theorem" title="May's theorem">May's theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="Arrow's_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow's theorem">Condorcet dominance theorems</a></li>

<li>Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem</li>

<li><a href="Vickrey-Clarke-Groves_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickrey-Clarke-Groves mechanism">VCG mechanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Quadratic_voting" title="Quadratic voting">Quadratic voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: inherit; padding-top:0.2em;">

<div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3APolitics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AEconomics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></li></ul></div><span class="nowrap"><span class="skin-invert-image noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AMathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House<br>of Representatives</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above">

<a href="History_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="History of the United States House of Representatives">History of the House</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.25em;">

Members</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="List_of_current_United_States_representatives" title="List of current United States representatives">Current members</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="Seniority_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Seniority in the United States House of Representatives">by seniority</a></li><li><a href="Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">non-voting</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li>

<li><a href="List_of_former_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of former members of the United States House of Representatives">Former members</a></li>

<li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Hill_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill committee">Hill committees</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">DCCC</a></li><li><a href="National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">NRCC</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">Women in the House</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a>

<ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">list of speakers</a></li><li><a href="List_of_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections">list of elections</a>)</li></ul></div></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Party leaders</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a></li>

<li><a href="House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a></li></ul>

</div></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.25em;">

<a href="List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">Apportionment</a> ()</li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Redistricting_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistricting in the United States">Redistricting</a></li><li><a href="Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States" title="Gerrymandering in the United States">Gerrymandering</a></li></ul></div></li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="General_ticket" title="General ticket">General ticket</a></li><li><a href="Plural_district" title="Plural district">Plural district</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.25em;">

Politics and procedure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Committee_of_the_Whole_(United_States_House_of_Representatives)" title="Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)">Committee of the Whole</a></li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Closed_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Closed session of the United States Congress">Closed session</a> (<a href="Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Closed sessions of the United States House of Representatives">list</a>)</li><li><a href="Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li></ul></div></li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="United_States_congressional_committee" title="United States congressional committee">Committees</a> (<a href="List_of_United_States_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="List of United States House of Representatives committees">list</a>)</li><li><a href="Procedures_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Procedures of the United States House of Representatives">Procedures</a></li></ul></div></li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Origination_Clause" title="Origination Clause">Origination Clause</a></li><li><a href="Quorum_call" title="Quorum call">Quorum call</a></li></ul></div></li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">Unanimous consent</a></li><li><a href="Salaries_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Salaries of members of the United States Congress">Salaries</a></li></ul></div></li>

<li><a href="Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Articles of impeachment</a></li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Self-executing_rule" title="Self-executing rule">Self-executing rule</a></li><li><a href="Suspension_of_the_rules_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Suspension of the rules in the United States Congress">Rules suspension</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.25em;">

Places</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a></li>

<li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Congressional_office_buildings" title="Congressional office buildings">House office buildings</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="Cannon_House_Office_Building" title="Cannon House Office Building">Cannon</a></li><li><a href="Ford_House_Office_Building" title="Ford House Office Building">Ford</a></li><li><a href="Longworth_House_Office_Building" title="Longworth House Office Building">Longworth</a></li><li><a href="O'Neill_House_Office_Building" title="O'Neill House Office Building">O'Neill</a></li><li><a href="Rayburn_House_Office_Building" title="Rayburn House Office Building">Rayburn</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;">

<span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AUnited_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Huntington–Hill method</b>, sometimes called <b>method of equal proportions</b>, is a <a href="Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">highest averages method</a> for assigning seats in a <a href="Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a> to <a href="Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a> or <a href="State_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="State (administrative division)">states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1941, this method has been used to apportion the 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives following the completion of each decennial <a href="United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The method minimizes the <a href="Relative_difference" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative difference">relative difference</a> in the number of constituents represented by each legislator. In other words, the method selects the allocation such that no transfer of a seat from one state to another can reduce the percent error in representation for both states.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apportionment_method">Apportionment method</h2></div>

<p>In this method, as a first step, each of the 50 states is given its one guaranteed seat in the House of Representatives, leaving 385 seats to be assigned. The remaining seats are allocated one at a time, to the state with the highest <i>average district population</i>, to bring its district population down<i>.</i> However, it is not clear if we should calculate the average <i>before</i> or <i>after</i> allocating an additional seat, and the two procedures give different results. Huntington-Hill uses a <a href="Continuity_correction" title="Continuity correction">continuity correction</a> as a compromise, given by taking the <a href="Geometric_mean" title="Geometric mean">geometric mean</a> of both divisors, i.e.:<sup id="cite_ref-:422_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:422-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

<mfrac>

<msqrt>

</msqrt>

</mfrac>

</mrow>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{n}={\frac {P}{\sqrt {n(n+1)}}}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./4eaceff785b180cd897faeb8da1fd55d33554120.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:17.821ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{n}={\frac {P}{\sqrt {n(n+1)}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>

<p>where <i>P</i> is the population of the state, and <i>n</i> is the number of seats it currently holds before the possible allocation of the next seat.

</p><p>Consider the reapportionment following the 2010 U.S. census: after every state is given one seat:

</p>

<ol><li>The largest value of <i>A</i><sub>1</sub> corresponds to the largest state, California, which is allocated seat 51.</li>

<li>The 52nd seat goes to Texas, the 2nd largest state, because its <i>A</i><sub>1</sub> priority value is larger than the <i>A<sub>n</sub></i> of any other state.</li>

<li>The 53rd seat goes back to California because its <i>A</i><sub>2</sub> priority value is larger than the <i>A<sub>n</sub></i> of any other state.</li>

<li>The 54th seat goes to New York because its <i>A</i><sub>1</sub> priority value is larger than the <i>A<sub>n</sub></i> of any other state at this point.</li></ol>

<p>This process continues until all remaining seats are assigned. Each time a state is assigned a seat, <i>n</i> is incremented by 1, causing its priority value to be reduced.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Division_by_zero">Division by zero</h2></div>

<p>Unlike the <a href="D'Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt</a> and <a href="Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë</a> systems, which allow the allocation of seats by calculating successive quotients right away, the Huntington–Hill system requires each party or state have at least one seat to avoid a <a href="Division_by_zero" title="Division by zero">division by zero</a> error.<sup id="cite_ref-:4222_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4222-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S. House of Representatives, this is ensured by guaranteeing each state at least one seat;<sup id="cite_ref-:4222_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4222-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list representation</a>, small parties would likely be eliminated using some <a href="Electoral_threshold" title="Electoral threshold">electoral threshold</a>, or the first divisor can be modified.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

<p>Consider an example to distribute 8 seats between three parties A, B, C having respectively 100,000, 80,000 and 30,000 voices.

</p><p>Each eligible party is assigned one seat. With all the initial seats assigned, the remaining five seats are distributed by a priority number calculated as follows. Each eligible party's (Parties A, B, and C) total votes is divided by <span class="texhtml"><span class="nowrap">√<span style="border-top:1px solid; padding:0 0.1em;">2  • 1</span></span> ≈ 1.41</span>, then by approximately 2.45, 3.46, 4.47, 5.48, 6.48, 7.48, and 8.49. The 5 highest entries, marked with asterisks, range from <b>70,711</b> down to <b>28,868</b>. For each, the corresponding party gets another seat.

</p>

<th><b>Denominator</b></th>

<th>Initial<br>seats</th>

<th>Seats<br>won (*)</th>

<th>Total<br>Seats</th>

<th>Ideal<br>seats

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Party A</td>

<td>11,785

</td>

<td align="center">1

</td>

</td>

<td align="center">4

</td>

<td align="center">3.8

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Party B</td>

<td>9,428

</td>

<td align="center">1

</td>

</td>

<td align="center">3

</td>

<td align="center">3.0

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Party C</td>

<td>3,536

</td>

<td align="center">1

</td>

</td>

<td align="center">1

</td>

<td align="center">1.1

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knesset_example">Knesset example</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> (<a href="Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>'s unicameral legislature), are elected by party-list representation with apportionment by the D'Hondt method.<sup id="cite_ref-Bader-Ofer_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bader-Ofer-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Had the Huntington–Hill method, rather than the D'Hondt method, been used to apportion seats following the elections to the <a href="20th_Knesset" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Knesset">20th Knesset</a>, held in 2015, the 120 seats in the 20th Knesset would have been apportioned as follows:

</p>

<th rowspan="3" colspan="2">Party

</th>

<th rowspan="3">Votes

</th>

<th colspan="3" style="border-style: solid solid none none;">Huntington–Hill

</th>

<th style="border-style: solid solid none none;">D'Hondt<sup id="cite_ref-Bader-Ofer_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bader-Ofer-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</th>

<th rowspan="3">+/–

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="3" style="border-style: none none solid solid;">(hypothetical)

</th>

<th style="border-style: none none solid solid;">(actual)

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Last priority<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</th>

<th>Next priority<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</th>

<th style="width: 5em;">Seats

</th>

<th style="width: 5em;">Seats

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td align="left"><a href="Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a></td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td align="left"><a href="Zionist_Union" title="Zionist Union">Zionist Union</a></td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td align="left"><a href="Joint_List" title="Joint List">Joint List</a></td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td align="left"><a href="Kulanu" title="Kulanu">Kulanu</a></td>

<td>–1

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td align="left"><a href="The_Jewish_Home" title="The Jewish Home">The Jewish Home</a></td>

<td>+1

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td align="left"><a href="Yisrael_Beiteinu" title="Yisrael Beiteinu">Yisrael Beiteinu</a></td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td align="left"><a href="United_Torah_Judaism" title="United Torah Judaism">United Torah Judaism</a></td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td align="left"><a href="Meretz" title="Meretz">Meretz</a></td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left;" colspan="8">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150615082949/http://www.votes20.gov.il/">CEC</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>Compared with the actual apportionment, <a href="Kulanu" title="Kulanu">Kulanu</a> would have lost one seat, while <a href="The_Jewish_Home" title="The Jewish Home">The Jewish Home</a> would have gained one seat.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Edward_Vermilye_Huntington" title="Edward Vermilye Huntington">Edward Vermilye Huntington</a></li>

<li><a href="Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages method</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Adna_Hill" title="Joseph Adna Hill">Joseph Adna Hill</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Bader-Ofer-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bader-Ofer_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bader-Ofer_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The method used for the 20th Knesset was actually a modified D'Hondt, called the Bader-Ofer method. This modification allows for spare vote agreements between parties.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is each party's last priority number which resulted in a seat being gained by the party. Likud gained the last seat (the 120th seat allocated). Each priority number in this column is greater than any priority number in the Next Priority column.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is each party's next priority number which would result in a seat being gained by the party. Kulanu would have gained the next seat (if there were 121 seats in the Knesset). Each priority number in this column is less than any priority number in the Last Priority column.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228091000/http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/boundaries/a_conApport.html#six">"Congressional Apportionment"</a>. NationalAtlas.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/boundaries/a_conApport.html#six">the original</a> on 2009-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-14</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/2/2a">"U.S. Code Title 2, Section 2a: Reapportionment of Representatives"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/topics/public-sector/congressional-apportionment/about/computing.html">"Computing Apportionment"</a>. <a href="United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:422-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:422_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPukelsheim2017" class="citation cs2">Pukelsheim, Friedrich (2017), Pukelsheim, Friedrich (ed.), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64707-4_4">"Divisor Methods of Apportionment: Divide and Round"</a></span>, <i>Proportional Representation: Apportionment Methods and Their Applications</i>, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>93, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-64707-4_4">10.1007/978-3-319-64707-4_4</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-319-64707-4</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-01</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:4222-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4222_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4222_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPukelsheim2017" class="citation cs2">Pukelsheim, Friedrich (2017), Pukelsheim, Friedrich (ed.), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64707-4_4">"Divisor Methods of Apportionment: Divide and Round"</a></span>, <i>Proportional Representation: Apportionment Methods and Their Applications</i>, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>93, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-64707-4_4">10.1007/978-3-319-64707-4_4</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-319-64707-4</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-01</span></span></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel-elections/with-bader-ofer-method-not-every-ballot-counts-394027">"With Bader-Ofer method, not every ballot counts"</a>. The Jerusalem Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-04</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_majority_and_other_electoral_quotas125" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:green; color:white;"><div id="Types_of_majority_and_other_electoral_quotas125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of majority and other electoral quotas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:transparent;"><a href="Single-winner_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-winner voting system">Single winner</a> (majority)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">Plurality</a></li>

<li><a href="Majority" title="Majority">Majority</a></li>

<li><a href="Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">Absolute majority</a></li>

<li><a href="Supermajority" title="Supermajority">Supermajority</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_majority" title="Double majority">Double majority</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:transparent;"><a href="Electoral_quota" title="Electoral quota">Electoral quotas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a></li>

<li><a href="Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a></li>

<li><a href="Imperiali_quota" title="Imperiali quota">Imperiali quota (pseudoquota)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:transparent;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Electoral_threshold" title="Electoral threshold">Electoral threshold</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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